The Shibolei Leket (263) says a chiddush regarding krias haTorah on 17 Tamuz. On other fast days we start the kri'ah wih "va'yichal Moshe..." and we read until the end of Moshe' tefilah (32:11-14). We then skip ahead to 34:1-10 where the 13 midos are mentioned. The theme of the kri'ah is tefilah (va'yichal...) and teshuvah (the 13 midos), which are what you are supposed to be doing on a fast day. Says the Shibolei haLeket, on 17 Tamuz don't skip those middle pesukim -- read the parsha straight through. Why? Those intervening pesukim talk about the eigel and the smashing of the luchos. The mishna tells us that this is one of the tragedies that occurred on 17 Tamuz. Therefore, it reflects the theme of the day.
Achronim debate whether kri'as haTorah on a fast day is like kri'as haTorah of Yom Tov, i.e. it is one of the ways we demarcate the day, like a "mei'ein ha'meora" decalation, or whether the krias haTorah is part of the nihugei taanis, i.e. just like on the Y"T of Sukkos we celebrate by shaking a lulav and on Pesach we eat matzah, part of what we have to do on a taanis is read pesukim that arouse us to do teshuvah. Whether someone who is not fasting can get an aliya on a taanis may hinge on this question. If the kri'ah is part of the nihugei ha'yom of taanis, then someone who is not fasting cannot get an aliya as they are not involved in the nihugei ha'yom. If the kri'ah is a din in the day, then whether one is personally fasting or not does not matter, as the status of the day remains the same.
According to Shibolei ha'Leket, the kri'ah of 17 Tamuz is a reflection of the nature of the day, as we are recounting the historical event of cheit ha'eigel and sheviras ha'luchos that took place.
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